Zulu Culture free essay sample

Zulu has developed an ancient history that is dated back several centuries. They were very highly developed and sophisticated tribe that in time of ancient history Zulu people are remembered by their complex of social organization, economic organization, and beliefs and values. Social Organization Its status for social organization is traditionally encapsulated and is highly respected for kinship positions and leadership. The head of household and patrilineal kin is also respected along with the chief and his kin as the royal household of the chiefdom. Individualism has an impact on Zulu people to a certain extent. The responsibility throughout the community was for the older generation discipline the younger generation. But most of the people mind their own business. Sanctions were not imposed on the older generation as people led to believe. Economic Organization Economic differentiation coexist with different lifestyles: a traditional Zulu lifestyle reflected in religion, dress code, and a defiant attitude towards Western standards and mannerisms and an alternative Western competitive capitalist lifestyle. We will write a custom essay sample on Zulu Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the Zulu economy they raise cattle and farm corn and vegetables for their subsistence purposes. The men and the boys that are called herds are mainly responsible for the cows, which are grazed in the open country.

Free Essays on Love Defined By Shakespeare

What is love? According to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, the most recent definition of love is a â€Å"strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties† (Online). About four hundred years ago, William Shakespeare provided his readers with his very own definition of love through his wonderful comedy, Twelfth Night; Or What You Will. The unique relationships that the characters develop in this play rely heavily on â€Å"the conflict between reason and emotion in matters of love† (Cahn 675). Different styles of love illustrated in Twelfth Night; Or What You Will are built between the relationships of the characters involved in the love triangle: Orsino, Olivia, and Viola. In consideration of his love for Olivia, Orsino is not in love â€Å"so much with a woman [as he is] with his own idea of love† (Jenkins 77). This idea being his infatuation with himself paralleled with his attraction to Olivia’s exaggeration of mourning her brother’s death (Cahn 666). In Twelfth Night; Or What You Will, he imagines what will become of this love after receiving word from Valentine that Olivia will continue to lament her brother’s death for seven years. Orsino asks, â€Å"How will she love when the rich golden shaft Hath killed the flock of all affections else†¦and filled Her sweet perfections with one self king!† (I. i. 34-38). His anguished love for Olivia differs from his love for Viola, which grows while disguised as a man, Cesario. â€Å"Whether he is aware or not, Orsino is falling in love with the young man in front of him (Cahn 668). After the revelation of Sebastian’s marriage to Olivia, Orsino says: Cesario, come- For so you shall be while you are a man; But when in other habits you are seen, Orsino’s mistress, and his fancy’s queen. (V. i. 380-383). Now that he realizes that Cesario is really a woman, he can express his love for her freely. Orsino’s love for Olivia was obsessive and... Free Essays on Love Defined By Shakespeare Free Essays on Love Defined By Shakespeare What is love? According to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, the most recent definition of love is a â€Å"strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties† (Online). About four hundred years ago, William Shakespeare provided his readers with his very own definition of love through his wonderful comedy, Twelfth Night; Or What You Will. The unique relationships that the characters develop in this play rely heavily on â€Å"the conflict between reason and emotion in matters of love† (Cahn 675). Different styles of love illustrated in Twelfth Night; Or What You Will are built between the relationships of the characters involved in the love triangle: Orsino, Olivia, and Viola. In consideration of his love for Olivia, Orsino is not in love â€Å"so much with a woman [as he is] with his own idea of love† (Jenkins 77). This idea being his infatuation with himself paralleled with his attraction to Olivia’s exaggeration of mourning her brother’s death (Cahn 666). In Twelfth Night; Or What You Will, he imagines what will become of this love after receiving word from Valentine that Olivia will continue to lament her brother’s death for seven years. Orsino asks, â€Å"How will she love when the rich golden shaft Hath killed the flock of all affections else†¦and filled Her sweet perfections with one self king!† (I. i. 34-38). His anguished love for Olivia differs from his love for Viola, which grows while disguised as a man, Cesario. â€Å"Whether he is aware or not, Orsino is falling in love with the young man in front of him (Cahn 668). After the revelation of Sebastian’s marriage to Olivia, Orsino says: Cesario, come- For so you shall be while you are a man; But when in other habits you are seen, Orsino’s mistress, and his fancy’s queen. (V. i. 380-383). Now that he realizes that Cesario is really a woman, he can express his love for her freely. Orsino’s love for Olivia was obsessive and...

Films of Alfred Hitchcock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Films of Alfred Hitchcock - Essay Example In this paper, the focus lies on a 1960 Alfred Hitchcock film, Psycho where a theme comprising of violence, sex and phallic proxy will be discussed. This horror movie, which has won several awards, has continued to be listed among the best-produced films especially because of encompassing several themes. The story focuses on a secretary, Marion Crane, who together with the boyfriend has financial issues. The duo’s marriage plans are adversely affected by the huge debts they have to pay. When Crane meets Sam, the boyfriend, for lunch the latter tells the fiancà ©e that all the money they would get will have to pay the fast-accruing debt. Upon finishing the lunch, Crane goes back to the workplace where the boss instructs the secretary to deposit some $40,000 to the bank paid by a client for a service. Interestingly, Crane seeks permission to take the afternoon off, but plans to run away with the cash (Smith, p11). As noted with the other movies, there is hardly a film with a single theme; many have more than even two, and Psycho is no exception. Even though it has a number of these, this paper, as already indicated will primarily focus on sexuality, violence and phallic of proxy. When Crane decides to vanish with her employer’s money, the boss unfortunately, sees her. Consequently, this causes her to be nervous, and makes wrong decisions in the process. After overcoming the seemingly opposition fronted by a police officer who finds her asleep, Crane continues to a motel called Bates motel, belonging to a Mr. Norman Bates(Smith, p14). Up to that point, one can see several themes including that of symbolic economy. First, when Crane decided to steal the money, the financial pressure she was experiencing catalyzed the decision. It is not always that horror movies are used in relation to money-related issues, and especially in matter of debts. Yet, movies have a way of affecting people in a number of positive

How diverse is the pentateuch and what difference does it make Essay

How diverse is the pentateuch and what difference does it make - Essay Example In the Pentateuch, the Israelites were appointed as the chosen people of God and the beneficiary of the Ark of Covenant and laid down the foundation of the coming of the Messiah in the presence of Jesus Christ. II. Passages in the Bible that suggests Moses authorship of the Pentateuch There are several passages in the Pentateuch and the Bible that led to the initial conclusion that indeed Moses wrote the entire body of the Pentateuch. ... .'" Mark 7:10Â  "For instance, Moses gave you this law from God..." Mark 12:24Â  "...haven't you ever read about this in the writings of Moses, in the story of the burning bush..." Luke 24:44Â  "...I told you that everything written about me by Moses and the prophets and in the Psalms must all come true." John 1:17Â  "For the law was given through Moses..." John 5:46Â  "But if you had believed Moses, you would have believed me because he wrote about me. And since you don't believe what he wrote, how will you believe what I say?" John 7:23Â  "...do it, so as not to break the law of Moses..." Acts 26:22Â  "...I teach nothing except what the prophets and Moses said would happen..." Romans 10:5Â  "For Moses wrote..." III. Was the Pentateuch a work of a single author (by Moses) or an anthology of diverse material? It is easy to conclude that the first five books of the Bible were written by Moses given the above Biblical passages suggestion that Moses wrote the entire Pentateuch. Also, the Books were attributed to him not to mention that he was a central figure to it. A close examination on the Pentateuch by scholars beginning in the eighteenth century however led them to conclude that the Pentateuch is not written by a single author, or by Moses alone as the traditional thinking suggests, but rather an anthology of diverse materials. Evidences that Pentateuch is not written by a single author When critical literary analysis was applied to the Pentateuch, it was found that the five books contained numerous duplications, broad diversity of writing style and even contrasting view points. The discovery of the duplication of the texts in the body of Pentateuch led scholars to study that the first five books had its own history of composition (Campbell and O’Brian 3-4). The

Can Obama make all the change that he promised Essay

Can Obama make all the change that he promised - Essay Example In this essay, I intend to evaluate if he is capable of fulfilling the changes that he has promised during his campaigns and victory. My goal, however, is to prove that he is indeed capable of realizing the changes he has promised the people. In order to make a substantial research piece, I intend to use this source: â€Å"Change we believe in? Using political science to predict policy change in the Obama presidency† by Jonathan Woon. Woon’s â€Å"Change we believe in? Using political science to predict policy change in the Obama presidency† can provide data on his own evaluation of Obama’s presidency. Woon is an Assistant Professor in University of Pittsburgh’s Department of Political Science since 2007. Then prior to that, he was an assistant professor in Carnegie Mellon University’s He has a doctorate degree in Political Economics from Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business, which he earned in 2005. He is an S.B in Political Science with a minor in Economics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in June 2000. His affiliations include American Political Science Association, Midwest Political Science Association and Southern Political Science Association. He has various publications, working papers and works that are still in progress. His works were published in various journals and compilation essays – his first publication was â€Å"Testing Theories of Lawmaking† which he wrote with Keith Krehbiel and Adam Meirowitz, this was included in the Social Change and Strategic Decisions: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey S. Banks in 2005, then in 2007 his work entitled â€Å"Direct Democracy and the Selection of Representative Institutions: Voter Support for Appointment Initiatives, 1924-1962 was published in State Politics and Policy Quarterly. He has two publications in the Journal of Politics, both in the year 2008, and they are â€Å"Bill Sponsorship in

Effect of Public Squares on Social Interaction

Effect of Public Squares on Social Interaction SOCIAL COHESION AND THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC SQUARE IN CONTRAST TO THE THIRD PLACE Social cohesion is a term used insocial policy, sociology and political science to describe the levels of social inclusion, integration, interaction and participation within a society, particularly in the context ofcultural diversity. It is associated the structural functionalism and political conservatism of the built environment, hence is directly affected by the process of Urban Design (). The concept of Urban Design as a construct of the 20th Century is ambiguous in its definition (Carmona, 2003, p. 3). It suggests addressing (for the better) the characteristics of a city, by proposing revised plans through a process of pattern making, sketching and planning. (Carmona, 2003, p. 3) However, the city in its own right is a complex organ which functions on multiple levels; economic, socio-cultural, political and environmental. The city as an organ is in a constant state of reaction, either to stimulus from within or external to its geopolitical confines (Lynch, 1990). Stated plainly, in order that a city performs successfully, it is necessary that it maintains or strives towards a state of dynamic equilibrium by simultaneously maintaining economic relevance to its wider context, and addressing the socio-economic needs of its citizens(). Consequently by understanding the city (its elements) as containers for human activities, it may be observed that the notion of urban design today has evolved from the initial creation of building masses and the consequent articulation of public space (Carmona, 2003, p. 3). It is now to a greater extent concerned with the creation of a physical and socio-cultural public realm which is primarily enjoyed by its users, but also creates a greater sense of social cohesion, necessary for good community living (Carmona, 2003). Hence it follows that if the primary aim for urban design today is making places for people (Project for Public Spaces, 2009), we should examine critically the performances of different forms of public place in terms of encouraging social interaction and thus social cohesion. First the public square, a familiar concept to the average man (French, 1978). Expressions of civic pride, public squares are generally typified by its accessibility, often dominated by a landmark or civic building (French, 1978). Their resulting high level of legibility increases the user base from local members of the community to include the wider public (Whyte, 1980).Thus creating a highly vibrant space conducive to social interaction (Whyte, 1980). By contrast, less familiar with the average man is the concept of third place (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 15). Oldenburg observed that multitudes shuttle back and forth from the womb to the rat race in a constricted pattern of daily life that easily generates the desire to get away from it all (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 9). It is this place of escape that he defines as the third place, while the first (womb) is the home and the second (rat race) is the workplace (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 9). This third place arises from the human need for a routine recreation space, which serves as an intermediary between the activities of living and working.() Although generally an interaction space for members of a local community, it exists in a variety of forms ranging from the more easily identifiable cafes, pubs, libraries; to the not so obvious independent traders such as barbershops and cybercafà ©s (Oldenburg, 1999). Injecting such program within the urban fabric facilitates the notion of socio-cultural belo nging (Jacobs, 1993). It serves as neutral ground for the emergence of conversation across demographic profiles, and thereby the birth of friendships based on the common ground of community (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 169). This essay discusses in greater detail the characteristics of both the public square and the third place. It highlights the distinctions in the levels of social interaction that each of these spaces encourage. To illustrate these points this essay uses Hackney Central, London as a case study. City lights and gleaming windows Built in to fantastic shapes Overlook sounds of Vietnam Viaducts and artist landscapes Historic clues, canals and terraces Hint of workers struggle to survive Melting now into sound and colour, Sense the Caribbean come alive. Saturday debates in Kurdish cafes And shoppers choosing Turkish life. Mix with the sounds of synagogue To tell the stories of culture and belief. What we see is what we choose Inner soul or shabby shell outside. Downtrodden, dirty dereliction or a lifetime learning in a 15 minute ride. Gill Carter The east end is a much loved and much fabled part of London and Hackney at the heart of it. Hackney Central its administrative headquarters today possesses a culturally diverse demographic, with 65% of its population constituted of minority ethnic groups (Hackney Council, 2009). As home to the iconic theatre The Hackney Empire and birthplace to thespian and musical greats such as Harold Pinter and Leona Lewis, Hackney is witnessing a significant influx of creative industries, as part of a spill-over from trendy neighbours Shoreditch and Hoxton (Sergius, 2009). The spotlight again is turning towards Hackney as it is located on the principal axis for development culminating at the 2012 Olympic site in Stratford (Hackney Council, 2009). Despite its rich cultural heritage and promising future prospects, Hackney is still very much plagued by a reputation as being a deprived and unsafe neighbourhood, with a propensity to breed crime (Wikipedia, 2010). With these two conflicting views in mind, I visited Hackney for the first time. The Squares two primary elements are gardens symmetrically laid out on either side of the central walkway on the east-west axis which continues on to the Town Hall entrance. The main-stream of visitors to the Square access it via this central walkway. The gardens are almost completely enclosed by a wall measuring approximately half a metre in height. Although it is unknown whether this was the initial design intention for the wall, its height is conducive for sitting and is often used accordingly by visitors to the Square in the absence of any alternative seating. Undoubtedly, this results from the human inclination to seek comfort, the accommodation of which should be a priority in the design of a successful square (Project for Public Spaces, 2009). Yet it may be observed that the use of the garden walls to satisfy this basic human inclination actually negatively impacts the social dynamics of the space. In his studies of human interaction in plazas Whyte (Whyte, 1980, p. 227)observed that people exhibit a tendency to self congest, being attracted to spaces that are significantly occupied by other people. This behaviour is socially motivated and logically has the potential to facilitate social interaction in public spaces. However, although visitors do self congest generally within the Hackney Town Hall Square, the aforementioned lack of specifically allocated seating areas causes them to do so haphazardly, clustering together and sitting in groups of acquaintances (Whyte, 1980, p. 227). This actually discourages social interaction between strangers, fragmenting the visiting population (Whyte, 1980, p. 227). Furthermore, the majority of seated visitors tend to sit either side of the mainstream of pedestrian flow, the central walkway (Whyte, 1980, p. 228). However, despite this prevalent self congestion, the walkways significant width does not facilitate communication between users seated on opposing garden walls. Instead this layout encourages people-watching, as seated users watch passers-by along Mare Street and along the central walkway Arguably the Square also attempts to encourage ground floor activity by housing mass-appealing attractions and facilities as the Library Cafe and Hackney Empire bar (Project for Public Spaces, 2009). However the positive effects of these venues are negated by the introduction of side streets Wilton Way and Reading Lane between the Square and both Hackney Empire and Library respectively. These two boundaries are connected by a service road in front of the Town Hall. This U-shaped enclosure discourages pedestrian movement as there is no clear indication as to whether pedestrian or motorist has right of way. This adversely affects the ambience of the Square by reducing the pedestrian footfall. Consequently, as the inclination of the individual to self congest prevails, pedestrians are attracted toward the dynamic buzz of Mare Street, and proceed to converse in the mainstream of its pedestrian flow (Whyte, 1980, p. 227). Thus the Square underperforms as a vehicle for social interaction a nd indeed performs less effectively than Mare Street. The limitations that the layout of the Square places upon the scope of the social interactions within itself are apparent in the limited variety of visitors that the Square attracts (Whyte, 1980, p. 226). IMG_1886.JPG The Squares clear site lines and is easy access (as previously explained)are intended to broaden its portfolio of visitors from members of the local community to the wider public who may not be as knowledgeable of their local environs. Whyte (Whyte, 1980, p. 226) deduced from his observations that public square users usually have a short commute distance, usually from nearby places of work or are visitors to attractions on the square. Although it was not possible to verify the work place of all Town Square users, I did identify an influx of construction workers on a break from nearby works taking place on Morning Lane. I also observed that the majority of the users were visitors to the main attractions on the Square the Hackney Library and the Hackney Empire. Undeniably the location of a bay of bus stops along Mare Street east of the Square attributes to its function as an orientation space. Hence we see that the Square mainly attracts users that are more likely to be non-residents of the area. Whether day tourists, theatre clientele or workers that may not necessarily be very familiar with the area, non-local users of the Square are more inclined to keep their social interaction within the confines of their group (Whyte, 1980, p. 227). Social interactions within the Square can therefore serve to largely exclude the local community and hence the Town Hall Square is limited in promoting social cohesion (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 14). It would indeed take a very vibrant Square to facilitate the rare occurrence of conversation between strangers (Whyte, 1980, p. 228), and this is clearly not the case with the Town hall Square. Owing to shortcomings in its layout, and lack of adequate sitting areas, the pedestrian footfall does not achieve its potential capacity. Arguably, The Town Hall Square therefore serves more efficiently as a lobby for visitors to Hackney Central. Its functio n to the visitor is adaptable certainly. It can serve as an orientation space from which the rest of Mare Street may be articulated, as a resting place for visitors to nearby attractions or indeed a meeting place for friends before an evening outing (Whyte, 1980). However, what it fails to do is encourage interaction between the local community and tourists (Oldenburg, 1999, pp. 10-11). The Square in announcing all that Hackney Central holds dear neglects its greatest asset its people. The people of Hackney Central are unique to their London context in that they exist as a close-knit community. This is no doubt as a result of the proliferation of the third place in the local neighbourhood (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 162). Greasy Spoon Cafes, barbershops and pubs make up the fabric of Hackney Central. These independent traders line the main routes through the district; Graham Road, Amherst Road, Morning Lane with their greatest concentration on Narrow Lane. Walking up Narrow Lane the bustling street showcased wares and cuisine from all over the world converging in a unique communal existence in Hackney Central. I began to understand with greater clarity the nature of the neighbourhood that poet Gill Carter described when she spoke of ; debates in Kurdish cafestelling stories of culture and belief.'(Op Cit) It is in these spaces described by Carter that the people of Hackney Central seek respite from the monotony of daily work and home life (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 163). There is a fundamental need for people to enjoy the company of neighbours on neutral ground, however neutral ground outside the cash nexus is preferred (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 13).Thus, the emergence of St John Churchyard Gardens as the primary third place in Hackney Central. The St. John Churchyard Gardens is a large expanse of urban green that runs parallel to Narrow Lane. A park green of such significant size usually has a high propensity to develop in to an urban vacuum, as it requires a lot of activity in order for it to remain convivial (Jacobs, 1993). However, despite this disadvantage the Park works quite effectively as a public space. The park has a homely quality to it that does not exclude any particular member of the community.() Its weathered grave stones and worn flagstones give it a lived-in feel, hence it is perceived as a more informal public space an extension of the local users homes. These are all qualities highlighted by Oldenburg in his argument for the third place (Oldenburg, 1999, pp. 163-169) Again in line with observations by Jane Jacobs in her studies of American neighbourhoods, the parks rim is articulated with a zone of dense mixed use program varying from residential to retail, which encourages a significant pedestrian footfall (Jacobs, 1993). It may also be observed that the park as a whole, although of considerable size, is in essence a collective of several green spaces, each with its own focal point. CHURCH.jpg his.jpgFirst is the garden in the forecourt of the St Johns Church, which is a lobby space for the Church with clearly designated seating areas. Second is the Walled Garden, this enclosed space provides an intimate and safe area for young families to use the designated playground. Third is the central park green, where the routes converge (Jacobs, 1993, p. 136). Finally, fourth is what I refer to as the Historical green, so called because it serves as the foreground to historical landmarks St Augustines tower, the old town hall and the preachers corner. This subdivision of the park in to four smaller gardens reduces the perceived circumference of enclosure. This promotes self congestion as, users of the park can asses their level of comfort based on the congestion level of the garden that they are in at any one particular time. his.jpgAnother advantage posed by creating varied functions for the different gardens, is that the user base is varied. A heterogeneous user base helps to keep the park active at different times throughout the day (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 167). This user base is thereby structured into subcategories of users who share common ground (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 164). For instance a high proportion of the walled gardens users tend to be young mothers with their children using the play ground areas. Their children serve as icebreakers as the mothers sit in the allocated adult supervision area and share anecdotes on childcare and childs play. Never delving too deep in to their private lives, these friendships amongst the parents are groomed until the children are mature enough to conduct their own excursions to the park (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 166). Similarly the elderly and indigent folk congregate in the historical green, waiting to hear the assertions of whoever decides to lead the sermon on preachers corner, hoping of course to offer their own pearls of wisdom (Jacobs, 1993). The possibility of encountering a familiar friendly face, for a helping of entertaining conversation, transporting you if only momentarily from the mundanity of daily living, according to Oldenburg is one of the greatest allures of the third place (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 167). Indeed users are more inclined to use the park as they are assured that it will be accessible at any hour during the day and the specific subcategory of user has an idea of when to catch a particular crowd at the park (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 167). Whether young mothers, street preachers, early morning joggers or even the lunch breakers, each category of user has a specific pattern of time and location (Oldenburg, 1999). The charm of the St Johns Garden as third place is in no way exclusive to the local user, it also appeals to the day tourist (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 167). Its unassuming appearance inspires the reminiscent, instilling a confidence created by the feeling of having visited a place a number of times, but in reality no times at all. ()Its well lived-in look, clear paths and colourful characters awaken the inner explorer in a bid to discover the true nature of Hackney Central (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 168). Even the regulars submit themselves to be explored (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 167). In fact it was while visiting the historical green on my photographic excursion of the district that I would garner firsthand this most bizarre of experiences. I was trying to set up the perfect angle for a shot of the St Augustines tower, when a gentlemans voice from behind me suggested that I move back and angle my camera closer to the ground, in order to capture the grandeur of the tower. As is customary British politesse, I smiled sweetly said nothing in response and instead turned back to my assignment, whilst seemingly taking on board some of his suggestions. He clarified that he was a cinematographer, although his appearance would infer otherwise. He then elaborated on a plethora of other principles that I should take in to account such as the rule of thirds. This tutorial would slowly melt in to a brief summation on what had brought our paths to cross. I spoke briefly of my university assignment and career aspirations. He recounted stories from his past, and what he had hoped then for his future, all the time using Hackney Central as the backdrop to his tales.  ­ Now I must clarify that this would not be the first time I have ever had a polite conversation, what was unique to this encounter was the manner in which this gentleman approached me. He was warm and welcoming, to what he had obviously assumed as his territory (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 167). He moved towards me, and by reducing the radius of personal space he required more than just a smile, his intentions were to engage me in a conversation (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 167). Having lived in central London for a number of years, I had become accustomed to averting eye contact and maintaining a guarded silence even in the most uncompromising confines of the tube during rush hour. Yet I would encounter this bizarre urban behaviour repeatedly throughout my tour of the third place. Evidently, the St Johns Gardens as a third place serves as a vehicle of social cohesion as it is inclusive of visitors from all backgrounds, encouraging social participation on a plateau of social equality (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 169). Its location opposite to the train station, parallel to commercial Narrow Lane and residential areas ensures that it is easily accessible to both locals and tourists thus creating potential for encounters between the two groups (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 166). The absence of commercial function and its unpretentious physical structure, ensures that people of modest means feel comfortable to use the space (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 168). This further widens the scope of its user base to include the indigent a significant proportion of the districts population (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 168). To the tourist the park reveals the true nature of Hackney Central, showing its historical heritage, its cultural and socio-economic diversity and moral views all in a days visit. Admittedly, as with most third places, (depending on the sensibility of the tourist) St Johns gardens aesthetic quality and its eclectic selection of regulars may prove daunting (Oldenburg, 1999, p. 168). They would rather a public space void of character that showcases all the exploits of a consumer society (Whyte, 1980)(. The elegant architecture of the Hackney library and recognisable global franchises such as Subway, situated around the Town Hall Square cater to such needs. Conversely, this constricts the user base to exclude to a large extent the average resident of the district. Thus, I refer to my initial question, if the priority of urban design is making places for people, should we not be encouraging effective social interaction in order to establish social cohesion and par venture should the promotion of third place not be our goal? However a district operates similar manner to a city, hence is governed by similar rules. Consequently (as earlier stated) the district needs to maintain economic relevance to its wider context, whilst addressing the socio-economic needs of its inhabitants. Hence, I conclude. It would seem that there is argument for the role of both the third place and the public square in facilitating social cohesion. The third place acts directly as the vehicle for social cohesion by keeping the community together and preserving its identity. Conversely, the public square acts indirectly by catering for the tourist, thereby maintaining the districts economic relevance to its wider context. In so doing, it makes it economically viable for a community such as in Hackney Central to even exist. CITED WORKS Carmona, H. O. (2003). Public place Urban Spaces Dimesnsions in Urban Design. Oxford: Architectural Press. French, J. S. (1978). Urban Space- A brief History of the City Square. Iowa: Kendell Hurt Publishing Square. Hackney Council. (2009, December 22). Retrieved December 22, 2009, from Hackney Council Website: www.hackney.gov.uk Jacobs, J. (1993). The Death and Life of American Cities. New York: Random House. Lynch. (1990). City Sense and City Design. Massachussets: MIT Press. Oldenburg, R. (1999). The great good place. New York: Manlowe and Company. Project for Public Spaces. (2009). Ten Principles for creating successful Squares. Retrieved December 14, 2009, from www.pps.org: http://www.pps.org/squares/info/squares_articles/squares_principles Sergius. (2009). Areas of London Hackney. Retrieved December 24, 2009, from Areas of London: http://www.areasoflondon.com/ Whyte, W. (1980). The Life of Plazas. In W. William, The Social Logic of Small Urban Spaces (pp. 227-229). Washington DC: Conservation Foundation. Wikipedia, C. (2010, January 2). London Borough of Hackney. Retrieved January 4, 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Borough_of_Hackneyoldid=335464346 BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Carmona et al Public Places Urban Spaces Jane Jacobs The Economy of Cities Jane Jacobs The death and life of American Cities Ray Oldenburg The Great Good Old Place Tridib Banerjee Beyond the Neighbourhood Unit Lynch et al City Sense and city design William Whyte The Social Logic of Small Places Jere Stuart French Urban Space: A brief history of the City Space Adisa et al Hackney my Hackney: An Anthology of Poems and Photographs Lil Smith The Good Old Bad Days PUBLICATIONS Tridib Banerjee Urban Experience and the development of city image: A Study in Environmental Perception and Learning Hackney Council Local Development Framework: Draft Interim Hackney Central Area Action Plan Phase 1 Masterplan WEBSITES http://www.areasoflondon.com/hackney.html http://www.stjohnathackney.org.uk/ http://www.hackney.gov.uk/

Good Country People :: Literary Analysis, Oconnor

In Flannery O’Connor’s stories, â€Å"Good Country People†, â€Å"Everything that Rises Must Converge†, †A Good Man is Hard to Find†, and â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own†, there are many similar characters and situations. Few, if any of the characters are likeable, and most of them are grotesque. Two of the stories have characters that view themselves as superior in one way or another to those around them, and in some cases these characters experience a downfall, illustrating the old proverb, â€Å"Pride goeth before a fall† (King James Bible ,Proverbs 16:18). Two of the stories include a character that has some type of disability, three of the stories showcase a very turbulent relationship between a parent and child, and three of the stories contain a character that could easily be described as evil. In â€Å"Good Country People† there are two characters who believe that they are superior to others. Mrs. Hopewell describes herself as having â€Å"no bad qualities of her own† (DiYanni pg.189). She also takes it upon herself to categorize the people she meets as either, â€Å"good country people† or â€Å"trash,† (pg.188, 189).There do not seem to be any shades of grey in her thinking. Joy/Hulga Hopewell also sees herself as superior, but her superiority lies in her intellect. She makes it known that were it not for her ill health she would be at a university teaching people who â€Å"knew what she was talking about† (pg. 191). Although Joy/Hulga believes herself to be intellectually superior she is fooled by the Bible salesman to such an extent that he is able to steal her wooden leg (pg. 200). â€Å"Everything that Rises Must Converge† also contains two supposedly superior characters, Julian and his mother. Julian’s mother believes that she is superior because her grandfather was a former governor, a prosperous landowner with two-hundred slaves. She also believes that being white makes her superior to people of other races. She believes that those people should rise, but â€Å"on their own side of the fence† (pg. 214). Later in the story she offends a â€Å"Negro† woman by her patronizing treatment of the woman’s child. This woman is so upset that she physically attacks Julian’s mother (pg. 221). Julian also sees himself as superior. He feels superior to his mother because he does not see himself as racist. In reality he is as much a racist as his mother, but he shows his racism in a different way, seeking out those who he terms â€Å"some of the better types† to befriend (pg.

Food for Thought Essay

As of 2005, hunger continues to be a worldwide problem. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, â€Å"850 million people worldwide were undernourished in 1999 to 2005, the most recent years for which figures are available† and the number of hungry people has recently been increasing. The official poverty rate in the U. S. has increased for four consecutive years, from a 26-year low of 11. 3% in 2000 to 12. 7% in 2004. This means that 37. 0 million people were below the official poverty thresholds in 2004. This is 5. 4 million more than in 2000. The poverty rate for children under 18 increased from 16. 2% to 17. 8% over that period. Poverty is the state of being without the necessities of daily living, often associated with need, hardship and lack of resources across a wide range of circumstances. For some, poverty is a subjective and comparative term; for others, it is moral and evaluative; and for others, scientifically established. That is why it is so important to start a Food and Clothing program. This program will be funded by the church and it members, but benefit the community. Non church member would be able to reap the benefits from this program as well as church members. There is no such program in the other sister congregations that are affiliated with us. By instituting a program of this nature to the community. We will assist in reducing the fight against hunger. The food distribution program will be a place where food is offered to the poor for free. The project objective would to meet the needs of the community by filling there physically need as well as there spiritual needs. The mission is to provide food and fellowship, to feed the hungry in body and spirit. Also we would like for all the members of the congregation to assist in donating to the needs of others. By provide food items, toiletries and clothing they no longer want or need. Contribution will be tax deductible. The assumptions that can be made is that we are only funding this program to gain membership to the church. It can be said more members the more money coming into the church. Other assumptions are that we may want to play self-righteous. This project may be more than the church can handle alone. All department of the church should be involved especially food preparation. The minister, secretary, treasure deacons, elders, food committee and any volunteers. The risk involve are the lack of volunteers, the limited amount of donations. The element this program may attract, such as the drug, and alcohol abusers. There will be those seeking drug treatment, counseling, housing and etc. If we do not provide these things do we stand a chance of losing that person because we can not meet all that persons needs? The participates could abuse the program; by falsify information, health issues, food poisoning or spoilage. This program has never been done before and is much needed in this community. This is a much need program in this community for it is a rural farming community. Not many people have access to transportation and many are elderly, sick and shut-in. No one should go to bed hungry. The idea is to provide food to needy people. Food would be distributed freely; the receipts would be required to fill out information sheet. We will reach other receipt through referrals and meet and greets in the neighborhood. There are no food program in the town in which I live the need is a great one. There are food pantries but no food program We will provide those in need with food and with fellowship, responding to all with humanity and respect. The food distribution program will provide needy families with groceries on a weekly basis for meal preparation at home. In this community we want to make life better for low-income and needy individuals and families. By establishing this needed program in the community. We plan to help families and individual in poor nutritional status gain stability, good health and dignity. The goal is to meets the needs of the hungry in this community. Feed their physical need as well as their spiritual needs. Budget. 2 years with a million dollar budget, with donations for church members and all in-kind donations, (donations include, food, clothing, money and counseling) Overhead cost – The is no rent because the program is using the church building which is paid in full. Office supplies are going to average out to be about $ 500 dollars a year. There will be cost for new equipment, and health and liability insurance. Which I will allocate $100,000 dollars toward. Salaries most of the staff will be volunteers, but we are looking at about 50,000 dollars allocated toward salaries Miscellaneous Costs 100,000 Total budget of 1 millions dollars. The project objective is to feed the poor and disadvantage for as long as we can. Feeding the physical as well as meeting the spiritual needs of the people. This will be an ongoing program with a budget of 2 million dollars for 2 years. We will solict donations from community member such as Restaurants, grocery stores. We will start to gain potential clients from data bases from human service agencies, WIC, and health care centers. Posting flyers and mailing out flyers. We are looking into starting this program which we will name Food For Thought. A target time to start will be in 4 months starting with an Easter Dinner for the community. Hours of operation are Sunday in between Sunday services 12:00 p. m. to 5:00 p. m. Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday five days a week from the hours of 10:00 a. m to 6:00 p. m. â€Å"We need to raise community awareness on hunger and raise community participation,† Duffield said. â€Å"We are calling upon religious organizations, business and civic groups such as Scouts and service clubs especially, because this is where we have the best skilled volunteers. † Duffield said many at the table were homeless people who normally eat at shelters in the downtown area, but there were also people fed who are not homeless. â€Å"It’s just awesome to see all of these organizations united in a focused effort,† he said. â€Å"Every American deserves a place at the table,† said Carol Trahan, a volunteer with Second Harvest. She pointed out that about 14 percent of the population in Northeast Tennessee lives at or below the poverty line. About a quarter of that population often has to choose between buying food or paying rent, more than a third had unexpected expenses and little or no money left for food. That means almost half has skipped a meal or gone to bed hungry, and more than half worries about running out of food before their next paycheck or food stamp allotment. Individuals, organizations and businesses can help by donating food, donating money, volunteering help or becoming an agency identifying an unserved area of the community. * Of the 475,000 people living in Tennessee’s eight northeastern most counties, U. S. Census figures show 14 percent, or about 68,000 people, live in poverty. The figures equate to more than one in five Northeast Tennessee children with families at or below the federal poverty line. * According to the state Department of Education, more than 30,000 children attending public schools in the region qualify for government subsidized meals at schools. * At 15 schools in the region, more than 75 percent of the student body is eligible for free or reduced-cost meals. * Of the more than 200 hunger relief agencies served by Second Harvest of Northeast Tennessee, 30 agencies are designed exclusively for children. Food Bank director Rhonda Chafin said hunger is more prone to go unnoticed in rural areas like Northeast Tennessee than in larger cities where homelessness is more visible. â€Å"In rural communities like ours, people sometimes don’t think about hunger because they can’t see it,† she said. â€Å"It’s the working poor† who most often seek help from the agencies Second Harvest works with, Chafin said. â€Å"They may not be homeless, but they do struggle and their children do miss meals at home because they are struggling just to pay their bills. † The hope is to receive more than 3. 4 million pounds of food. We will also seek a contract with The Pampered Chef to receive donations of $ 918. 45 worth of food once a week. This will be a year-long campaign to benefit the food program. The Pampered Chef is a direct seller of kitchen tools nationwide. Over $7. 5 million dollars have been donated to such programs in the past. â€Å"According to America’s Second Harvest, more than 33 million people in America are food insecure,† said Julie Christopher, vice president and spokesperson for The Pampered Chef. â€Å"There are children, the elderly and working poor who must choose between paying for food or for utility and housing costs, medicine and other necessities. â€Å"These people in need are the reason we at The Pampered Chef are so passionate about raising money. Everyday in Northeast Tennessee hundreds of men, women and children depend on soup kitchens for a hot meal. Each person or family has a different circumstance, a different reason for needing assistance with food. Whatever the reason, hunger in Northeast Tennessee is a reality. The Second Helpings Food Rescue program of Second Harvest Food Bank is there to help. ______What is Prepared & Perishable Food Rescue? We will use, perishable food prepared by, but not used by, commercial donors to hunger relief agencies in the community. Wholesome food that would have otherwise been disposed of by restaurants, caterers and other vendors will be now able to be donated directly to our program. We will in turn provide food for hungry men, women and children in our region program How does the Program Work? Using a refrigerated truck and industrial food containers, Madison County FP will picks up perishable food from food service providers and transports it to local soup kitchens and other agencies that serve meals directly to those in need. Second Helpings operates under the safe food handling guidelines approved by the Tennessee Department of Health. How does Second Helpings benefit the community†¦ It reduces the dependence on public funds It decreases feeding agencies operational expenses Permits more efficient use of the charity’s staff and volunteer time It feeds the hungry Over 250,000 pounds of food rescued annually Serving an estimated 2,000 individuals each week How you can help†¦ Volunteers will be need to help pick up and deliver food; make monetary donation; ask restaurants to donate food; Food for thought will be sponsored by†¦ Proctor and Gamble Martha White The Pampered Chef Reggies Kappa’s Steak House. Jumbo Buffet Food for thought would also like to develop a mobile food bank program that has deliveries. We would have a refr truck deliver to the elderly, shut in and those unable to get to the church. We would also reach out to those individuals living in public housing communities throughout the region. This will prevent items from going to waste. Before you begin, you may want to look up the amounts of your income (wages, SSI, social security, VA payments, child support), rent or mortgage, utility bills, day care expenses, and medical bills (if you are 60 or older, or disabled). This information will be needed for the tool to work. For the past several months, we have seen repeated footage of hungry Afghan refugees on television news. These images of hungry people in faraway places touch and disturb us, but for many of us they also seem distant and far from our own reality. Maybe that’s because hunger in America is largely invisible. There are no pictures of distended stomachs and hollow eyes among America’s hungry. In the United States, we have practically eliminated starvation and malnutrition. There are, however, children whose only meal of the day is a school lunch, seniors who do not have enough to eat for several days at the end of the month until their Social Security check arrives, and families who stretch the income of several part-time jobs to pay for rent, utilities, transportation and medical bills with little to spare for wholesome food. Yet, hunger is real and, in fact growing. Hunger in America 2001 has four primary objectives: provide a comprehensive profile of the nature of hunger in the U. S.; compare date between the 1997 study and the 2001 study to identify trends; provide extensive demographic profiles of emergency food clients at feeding agencies and the efficacy of those programs to meet the need; and provide comprehensive demographic information about hunger and the charitable response to hunger in local communities. Demographics †¢74% of clients at food pantries are women – a disproportionate number †¢24% are households with single parents †¢63% of single parent households have children under age 18 †¢39% of two-parent households have children under 18. †¢29% of households have a family member over age 65 †¢26% of the clients are the elderly – people who compromise good health with weaker immune systems or more alarming symptoms of illness such as diabetes, heart disease or high blood pressure due to poor nutrition Food Stamps Hunger in our communities has remained at a high level even though food stamp and welfare rolls have decreased. As a result of obtaining low-income employment, many families formerly receiving welfare still cannot provide both shelter and food for family members. Most mistakenly believe they are no longer eligible for food stamps. †¢25% of clients are using the food stamp nutrition program, while more than 70% are income eligible for the food stamp nutrition program that would help provide more food for their families. †¢In Nevada, only half those eligible for food stamps are using the program, often due to red tape, language problems or complex eligibility requirements. The State of Nevada application for assistance is 11 pages in length. †¢Most people who use food stamps report benefit levels of 70 cents per meal are inadequate and often last only two weeks or less. Even if all who are eligible do apply and receive benefits, the need will continue to exceed the resources without reform. Food Insecurity Nearly three fourths of all those who sought food assistance in 2001 were â€Å"food insecure. † These are people who meet a standard government definition of hungry or at risk of hunger. Food insecurity means regularly not having food or the money to buy enough food. Among all clients of the Food Bank of Northern Nevada, 73. 5% are classified as food insecure and 65. 6% are food insecure with hunger. Among families with children, 69. 2% are food insecure and 59. 6% experience hunger, with almost half of adults reporting that they missed meals due to lack of food. Most families with children provide the food to children with adults skipping meals when food is scarce. Many clients must choose between food and necessities: †¢42% choose between paying for food and paying for utilities or heating fuel. †¢42% must choose between buying food and paying rent/mortgage †¢Local and state officials can help by increasing access to child nutrition programs such as the Summer Food Service Program, the Child & Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), and the School Breakfast and Lunch Programs. Municipalities and states can also help by supporting the work of food banks and food rescue programs in local communities. Hunger is a solvable problem. As this report makes clear, however, food banks and food pantries cannot solve the problem alone. Beyond the public-private partnership through which corporations and individuals make contributions of food for distribution to needy individuals, public policies can help end hunger in our lifetimes. †¢Federal nutrition programs – particularly the Food Stamp program and child nutrition programs – are an essential part of the food assistance safety net. †¢Less than a third of people nationally and one fourth of people in Nevada who turn to charity are receiving food stamps, while more than three fourths are income eligible. †¢Food stamp proposals recently passed in the U. S. Senate strengthen the Food Stamp program and increase funding for food stamps and commodity donations. †¢Local and state officials can help by increasing access to child nutrition programs such as Summer Food and School Breakfast, and by supporting the work of food banks and food rescue programs in local communities. AT THIS TIME. Forty six percent of pantries, a third of kitchens and 45% of shelters report increases since 1998 in the number of people they serve. Food banks are by far the single most important source of food for most food bank member agencies, accounting for 68% of the food used by pantries and two thirds of the food used by shelters. Locally, food pantries provided 1,306,360 pounds of food, particularly staple and high value nutritional items, to more than 24,000 different individuals in 2001; this accounts for 65% of the total amount of food distributed by the Food Bank of Northern Nevada. † The Food Bank is reporting low levels of food resources needed to assist hungry people through the year. â€Å"The emergency food pantries and shelters we supply with food need help all year long. The 2. 3 million pounds of food we distribute annually may not be enough to meet the needs of the newly jobless along with people who experience food insecurity every winter when the utility bills and medical expenses increase,† said Cherie Jamason, Food Bank CEO. While help at the holidays is great, long-term help will be needed for the 70,000 people in Nevada who have lost jobs or had hours cut back due to the slumping economy in the last year. News Relehttp://www. fbn Donate now with our Virtual Holiday Food Drive Fill out our on-line donation form here! The Food Bank of Northern Nevada is grateful for support from a wide range of organizations and individuals in the community and across the region. Private foundations and corporate gifts and sponsorships provide significant funding for programs such as Kids Cafe, food distribution and child nutrition. While critical to our mission, these major gifts alone are not enough. It takes donations from individuals and local businesses within our community to keep the Food Bank working, day in and day out, throughout the year. Grants will help Food Bank and partners reach out In recent months, the Food Bank has applied for and received some significant grants that will increase our ability and that of our partner agencies to serve hungry populations in Nevada. The Food Bank has received several significant grants recently: †¢$25,000 from the Antioch Company. †¢$50,000 from the E. L. Cord Foundation †¢$125,000 from the McCabe Foundation †¢$60,000 from the Nell J. Redfield Foundation †¢$20,000 from the Robert Z. Hawkins Foundation †¢$7,500 from the Terry Lee Wells Foundation for the Back-pack Kids Program †¢A 26-foot refrigerated truck valued at $110,000-$120,000 from the 2006 ConAgra Feeding Children Better Rapid Food Distribution Program to be delivered sometime during 2006. Approximately 55% of our operating budget comes from private foundations, individual donations and special events. The Food Bank depends on donations to fund everyday functions, from keeping the roof over our head to delivering food resources to the agencies that we support. With an estimated 33. 6 million Americans in danger of going hungry and more than 49,000 at risk locally in Northern Nevada, hunger is a problem that affects us all. At the Food Bank of Northern Nevada we take community investments as far as we can and monetary donations go even further. $1 dollar translates into 4 meals for the needy. $25 will provide food for 5 families for 3 to 4 days. $50 will distribute 270 pounds of food to agencies serving hungry people. $100 will provide 3 to 5 days of emergency food to more than 50 people. We are able to distribute enough food for 4 meals with every dollar donated! There are many ways for people to join The Food Bank in our mission to end hunger. Make a financial contribution to the Food Bank and your donation goes a long way. Ask us about a regular pledge program, electronic fund transfers, bequests and honorariums or memorials. Major contributions specifically dedicated to support special events or programs like the Food for the Soul Concerts, Kids Cafe and other activities help increase the effectiveness of our fundraising efforts and provide more resources to the community. Varied, fun ways to give: Pampered Chef’s Round-Up from the Heart ® gives all year! Pampered Chef Consultants have support a program to invite their customers to round up their purchase totals to the nearest dollar or more to benefit America’s Second Harvest food banks in their region. When you place your order with a Pampered Chef Kitchen Consultant, the Food Bank of Northern Nevada will receive your Round-Up dollars. Thank you, Karen Munson, for sharing this great program with us! Contribute at the grocery store! Albertsons links Community Partners Card to Albertsons Sav-on Preferred Savings Card Recently, we’ve mentioned that Kids Cafe has been included in the Albertsons Community Partners Card program as an authorized partner. Now, Albertsons has just announced that shoppers who use an Albertsons Sav-on Preferred Savings Card can register the Food Bank of Northern Nevada for additional donations. Albertsons will distribute up to $2. 4 million among the partners in the northern California and Reno markets through July 2005. Partners can receive up to 4 percent of each shopper’s Albertsons Sav-On Preferred Savings Card purchases. The Food Bank has set a goal of $25,000 as part of this new fundraising program. If you have an Albertsons Community Partners Card, simply present your card along with your Preferred Savings Card for scanning at checkout during your next shopping trip at Albertsons or Sav-On Drugs. Or go to www. albertsons. com, click on â€Å"In The Community† then click on the Community Partners logo link. Once you log in, click on â€Å"Sign me up. † You may also fill out the form included on page 11 of this newsletter and mail it to the Community Partners Program Headquarters, as noted in the lower left corner of the form. Raley’s Food for Families and Smith’s Coins for Community support the Food Bank by providing money to purchase and distribute food in the communities we serve. Look for the sign up book at your favorite Scolari’s and designate the Food Bank to receive Scolari’s Friendship Fund donations — the Food Bank’s account number is 1302. Special events: Invite people coming to your event to bring non-perishable food, either for an admission fee or a donation in honor of the event. Workplace campaigns: You may make a donor-designated gift through the United Way in your place of work. Employee/employer matching gifts: Ask your personnel office about your employer’s matching gift program; matching gifts can double your contribution. Gifts in honor or memory of a special person: You may designate your contribution as a gift in honor or memory on the Food Bank’s remittance envelope. Stocks and bonds: We accept gifts of appreciated stocks, bonds and mutual funds. Our Financial Officer can provide you with assistance with information regarding transfers to the Food Bank. Bequests: Your legacy can make a difference to the lives of many. Plan a lasting gift to help our community By Nancy and Dick Bostdorff Thousands of children and senior citizens in the Truckee Meadows would not have enough to eat every day, were it not for the terrific programs provided by the Food Bank of Northern Nevada. That’s one of many important reasons why we made the decision to include the Food Bank in our estate planning. While we all strive to eliminate hunger, the need is never-ending, and more people are moving into northern Nevada all the time. With programs like the innovative and award-winning Kids Cafe, community gardens and the Nevada Child Nutrition Initiative, the Food Bank does an extraordinary job of supporting the community and the more than 80 agencies that count on the Food Bank for food and financial support. The Food Bank is also one of the most efficient non-profit organizations around, with an administrative overhead of around 8% and a warehouse that distributes nearly 2 million pounds of food each year. We want our assets to be used well in the future, and believe we can count on the Food Bank to live up to that desire. We encourage you to help provide for the future through planned giving to the Food Bank of Northern Nevada. Together we can continue to strive for a truly hunger free community. Planned Giving with a Bequest By Doris Phelps, FBNN Director of Marketing & Fund Development Perhaps one of your New Year’s resolutions is to review your estate planning and to update your will. Your will provides you with the opportunity to thoughtfully and intentionally provide for those you cherish and to continue to support your favorite worthwhile charities. Your decision to include the Food Bank of Northern Nevada as a beneficiary will help assist programs and accomplish our important mission to create hunger-free communities in our region through direct services, advocacy, outreach and education. Your bequest to the Food Bank of Northern Nevada will benefit thousands of children, seniors, the ill, needy and families with nutritious meals and related services into the future. A bequest may be established in any amount and may be designed by you and your attorney in any number of ways to enhance tax benefits to your estate. For more information about this donor opportunity, please contact the Food Bank, your attorney or financial consultant. Donate canned goods: Individuals, employee groups and community organizations can make a difference by donating items in high demand at the Food Bank: canned meats, fish and peanut butter; macaroni & cheese and pasta meals, powdered milk, baby formula and baby food; complete meals in a can such as stew, chili, ravioli and hearty soups; canned fruits, juice and vegetables; dry cereal, oatmeal, rice and pasta. Approximately 24% of the food we distribute comes from food drives and individual contributions while about $275,000 of our budget is spent on purchasing food. Donate non-food resources: The Food Bank benefits from the support of many who provide in-kind services and donations of supplies and equipment. Please call to discuss your ideas. With an estimated 33. 6 million Americans in danger of going hungry nationally, and more than 49,000 at risk locally in Northern Nevada, hunger is a problem that affects us all. As an individual, you can help in the fight against hunger. Simply click on the button below to fill out the on-line form and donate today! Resources: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/poverty http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/needy http://www. casanet. org/program-management/resource-dev/gntwrite. htm http://sofia. usgs. gov/projects/scopesofwork03/wca2elev. html http://www. netfoodbank. org/inthenews. htm Hunger and th http://www. fbnn. org/study. shtmle Elderly. Work Breakdown Structure Responsibility Matrix Promotion Newspaper Radio Mailings Flyers Counselors Recruiting Volunteer Greeters Interviewers Food Cooking Equipment Prepares Eating Areas Services Set-up Clean-up Food storage Restrooms Sercuity.

Hinduism Characteristics Essay

The following nine facts, though not exhaustive, offer a simple summary of Hindu spirituality or about Hinduism. 1 Hindus believe in a one, all-pervasive Supreme Being who is both immanent and transcendent, both Creator and Unmanifest Reality. 2 Hindus believe in the divinity of the four Vedas, the world’s most ancient scripture, and venerate the Agamas as equally revealed. These primordial hymns are God’s word and the bedrock of Sanatana Dharma, the eternal religion. 3 Hindus believe that the universe undergoes endless cycles of creation, preservation and dissolution. 4 Hindus believe in karma, the law of cause and effect by which each individual creates his own destiny by his thoughts, words and deeds. 5 Hindus believe that the soul reincarnates, evolving through many births until all karmas have been resolved, and moksha, liberation from the cycle of rebirth, is attained. Not a single soul will be deprived of this destiny. 6 Hindus believe that divine beings exist in unseen worlds and that temple worship, rituals, sacraments and personal devotionals create a communion with these devas (divine beings) and God. 7 Hindus believe that an enlightened master, or satguru, is essential to know the Transcendent Absolute, as are personal discipline, good conduct, purification, pilgrimage, self-inquiry, meditation and surrender in God. 8 Hindus believe that all life is sacred, to be loved and revered, and therefore practice ahimsa, noninjury, in thought, word and deed. 9 Hindus believe that no religion teaches the only way to salvation above all others, but that all genuine paths are facets of God’s Light, deserving tolerance and understanding. GOD AND LORDS IN HINDUISM God is a one being, yet we understand Him in three perfections: Absolute Reality, Pure Consciousness and Primal Soul. As Absolute Reality, God is unmanifest, unchanging and transcendent, the Self God, timeless, formless and spaceless. As Pure Consciousness, God is the manifest primal substance, pure divine love and light flowing through all form, existing everywhere in time and space as infinite intelligence and power. God is all and in all, great beyond our conception, a sacred mystery that can be known in direct communion. Hindus believe in one Supreme Being. In the Hindu pantheon there are said to be three hundred and thirty-three million Lords(divine beings). The plurality of Lords are perceived as divine creations of that one Being. So, Hinduism has one supreme God, but it has an extensive hierarchy of Lords. Hinduism views existence as composed of three worlds. The First World is the physical universe; the Second World is the subtle astral or mental plane of existence in which the devas, angels and spirits live; and the Third World is the spiritual universe of the Mahadevas, â€Å"great shining beings,† our Hindu Lords. Hinduism is the harmonious working together of these three worlds. Hinduism is a family of four main denominations – Saivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism, Smartism – under a divine hierarchy of Mahadevas. These intelligent beings have evolved through eons of time and are able to help mankind without themselves having to live in a physical body. These great Mahadevas, with their multitudes of angelic devas, live and work constantly and tirelessly for the people of our religion, protecting and guiding them, opening new doors and closing unused ones. TEMPLE WORSHIP IN HINDUISM It is in the Hindu temple that the three worlds meet and devotees invoke the Lords of our religion. The temple is built as a palace in which these Lords live. It is the home of the God and Lords, a sacred place unlike every other place on the earth. The Hindu must associate himself with these divine beings in a very sensitive way when he approaches the temple. Though the devotee rarely has the psychic vision of the Deity, he is aware of the God’s divine presence. As he approaches the sanctum sanctorum, the Hindu is fully aware that an intelligent being, greater and more evolved than himself, is there. This Lord is intently aware of him, safeguarding him, fully knowing his inmost thought, fully capable of coping with any situation the devotee may mentally lay at his Holy Feet. It is important that we approach the Deity in this way – conscious and confident that our needs are known in the inner spiritual worlds. The physical representation of the God, be it a stone or metal image other sacred form, simply marks the place that the Lord will manifest in or hover over in his etheric body. It can be conceived as an antenna to receive the divine rays of the Lord or as the material body in or through which the Lord manifests in this First World. When we perform puja, a religious ritual, we are attracting the attention of the devas and Mahadevas in the inner worlds. That is the purpose of a puja; it is a form of communication. To enhance this communication we establish an altar in the temple or in the home. This becomes charged or magnetized through our devotional thoughts and feelings which radiate out and affect the surrounding environment. You can feel the presence of these divine beings, and this radiation from them is known as shakti. It is a communication more real than the communication of language that you experience each day. Finally, it must be clearly understood that God and the Lords are not a psychological product of the Hindu religious mind. They are far older than the universe and are the fountainheads of its galactic energies, shining stars and sunlit planets. They are loving overseers and custodians of the cosmos, earth and mankind. The Hindu cosmological terrain envelopes all of humanity. HINDU HOLY BOOK The Veda is the Hindu holy book. The four books of the Vedas—Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva—include over 100,000 verses. The knowledge imparted by the Vedas ranges from earthy devotion to high philosophy. Their words and wisdom permeate Hindu thought, ritual and meditation. The Vedas are the ultimate scriptural authority for Hindus. Their oldest portions are said by some to date back as far as 6,000 bce, orally transmitted for most of history and written down in Sanskrit in the last few millennia, making them the world’s longest and most ancient scripture. The Vedas open a rare window into ancient Indian society, proclaiming life’s sacredness and the way to oneness with God. For untold centuries unto today, the Vedas have remained the sustaining force and authoritative doctrine, guiding followers in ways of worship, duty and enlightenment. The Vedas are the meditative and philosophical focus for millions of monks and a billion seekers. Their stanzas are chanted from memory by priests and laymen daily as liturgy in temple worship and domestic ritual. All Hindus wholeheartedly accept the Vedas, yet each draws selectively, interprets freely and amplifies abundantly. Over time, this tolerant allegiance has woven the varied tapestry of Indian Hindu Dharma. Each of the four Vedas has four sections: Samhitas (hymn collections), Brahmanas (priestly manuals), Aranyakas (forest treatises) and Upanishads (enlightened discourses). The Samhitas and Brahmanas affirm that God is immanent and transcendent and prescribe ritual worship, mantra and devotional hymns to establish communication with the spiritual worlds. The hymns are invocations to the One Divine and to the Divinities of nature, such as the Sun, the Rain, the Wind, the Fire and the Dawn— as well as prayers for matrimony, progeny, prosperity, concord, protection, domestic rites and more. The Aranyakas and Upanishads outline the soul’s evolutionary journey, provide yogic philosophical training and propound realization of man’s oneness with God as the destiny of all souls. Today, the Vedas are published in Sanskrit, English, French, German and other languages. But it is the popular, metaphysical Upanishads that have been most amply and ably translated. KARMA AND REINCARNATION IN HINDUISM Karma Karma literally means â€Å"deed or act,† but more broadly describes the principle of cause and effect. Simply stated, karma is the law of action and reaction which governs consciousness. In physics-the study of energy and matter-Sir Isaac Newton postulated that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Push against a wall. Its material is molecularly pushing back with a force exactly equal to yours. In metaphysics, karma is the law that states that every mental, emotional and physical act, no matter how insignificant, is projected out into the psychic mind substance and eventually returns to the individual with equal impact. The akashic memory in our higher chakras faithfully records the soul’s impressions during its series of earthly lives, and in the astral/mental worlds in-between earth existences. Ancient yogis, in psychically studying the time line of cause/effect, assigned three categories to karma. The first is sanchita, the sum total of past karma yet to be resolved. The second category is prarabdha, that portion of sanchita karma being experienced in the present life. Kriyamana, the third type, is karma you are presently creating. However, it must be understood that your past negative karma can be altered into a smoother, easier state through the loving, heart-chakra nature, through dharma and sadhana. That is the key of karmic wisdom. Live religiously well and you will create positive karma for the future and soften negative karma of the past. Truths and Myths About Karma Karma operates not only individually, but also in ever-enlarging circles of group karma where we participate in the sum karma of multiple souls. This includes family, community, nation, race and religion, even planetary group karma. So if we, individually or collectively, unconditionally love and give, we will be loved and given to. The individuals or groups who act soulfully or maliciously toward us are the vehicle of our own karmic creation. The people who manifest your karma are also living through past karma and simultaneously creating future karma. For example, if their karmic pattern did not include miserliness, they would not be involved in your karma of selfishness. Another person may express some generosity toward you, fulfilling the gifting karma of your past experience. Imagine how intricately interconnected all the cycles of karma are for our planet’s life forms. Reincarnation The soul functions with complete continuity in its astral/mental bodies. It is with these sensitive vehicles that we experience dream or â€Å"astral† worlds during sleep every night. The astral world is equally as solid and beautiful, as varied and comprehensive as the earth dimension-if not much more so. Spiritual growth, psychic development, guidance in matters of governance and commerce, artistic cultivation, inventions and discoveries of medicine, science and technology all continue by astral people who are â€Å"in-between† earthly lives. Many of the Veda hymns entreat the assistance of devas: advanced astral or mental people. Yet, also in the grey, lower regions of this vast, invisible dimension exist astral people whose present pursuits are base, selfish, even sadistic. Where the person goes in the astral plane at sleep or death is dependent upon his earthly pursuits and the quality of his mind. Because certain seed karmas can only be resolved in earth consciousness and because the soul’s initial realizations of Absolute Reality are only achieved in a physical body, our soul joyously enters another biological body. At the right time, it is reborn into a flesh body that will best fulfill its karmic pattern. In this process, the current astral body-which is a duplicate of the last physical form-is sluffed off as a lifeless shell that in due course disintegrates, and a new astral body develops as the new physical body grows. This entering into another body is called reincarnation: â€Å"re-occupying the flesh.† During our thousands of earth lives, a remarkable variety of life patterns are experienced. We exist as male and female, often switching back and forth from life to life as the nature becomes more harmonized into a person exhibiting both feminine nurturing and masculine intrepidness. We come to earth as princesses and presidents, as paupers and pirates, as tribals and scientists, as murderers and healers, as atheists and, ultimately, God-Realized sages. We take bodies of every race and live the many religions, faiths and philosophies as the soul gains more knowledge and evolutionary experience. Therefore, the Hindu knows that the belief in a single life on earth, followed by eternal joy or pain is utterly wrong and causes great anxiety, confusion and fear. Hindus know that all souls reincarnate, take one body and then another, evolving through experience over long periods of time. Like the caterpillar’s metamorphosis into the butterfly, death doesn’t end our existence but frees us to pursue an even greater development. Dharma Dharma yields Heaven’s honor and Earth’s wealth. What is there then that is more fruitful for a man? There is nothing more rewarding than dharma, nor anything more ruinous than its neglect. When God created the universe, He endowed it with order, with the laws to govern creation. Dharma is God’s divine law prevailing on every level of existence, from the sustaining cosmic order to religious and moral laws which bind us in harmony with that order. Related to the soul, dharma is the mode of conduct most conducive to spiritual advancement, the right and righteous path. It is piety and ethical practice, duty and ob ligation. When we follow dharma, we are in conformity with the Truth that inheres and instructs the universe, and we naturally abide in closeness to God. Adharma is opposition to divine law. Dharma is to the individual what its normal development is to a seed–the orderly fulfillment of an inherent nature and destiny. SIGNIFICANCE OF HINDUISM Hinduism is unique among the world’s religions. I boldly proclaim it the oldest religion in the world. To begin with, it is mankind’s oldest spiritual declaration, the very fountainhead of faith on the planet. Hinduism’s venerable age has seasoned it to maturity. It is the only religion, to my knowledge, which is not founded in a single historic event or prophet, but which itself proceeds recorded history. Hinduism has been called the â€Å"cradle of spirituality,† and the â€Å"mother of all religions,† partially because it has influenced virtually every major religion and partly because it can absorb all other religions, honor and embraces their scriptures, their saints, and their philosophy. This is possible because Hinduism looks compassionately on all genuine spiritual effort and knows unmistakably that all souls are evolving toward union with the Divine, and all are destined, without exception, to achieve spiritual enlightenment and liberation in this or a future life. Please visit, if you wish to seek further

Remember the Titians Paper Essays

Remember the Titians Paper Essays Remember the Titians Paper Paper Remember the Titians Paper Paper Analysis of Character in Walt Disney Remember the Titans Jessica Borer Mr.. Hypoallergenic Prep English October 21, 2013 High school football Is the heart of Alexandria, Virginia a town full of racial tensions. With a newly integrated high school and football team everyone must get past their inner hostilities and make a run at the state championship. (tonsillectomies. Com 1) Disney award winning movie Remember the Titans reveals the hardships of a segregated small town. One of the characters revealed Is Julius Campbell, a assassinate but strongs of these are found In his experiences with Gerry at camp. During camp,Julius was having a heated conversation with Gerry after a practice. Julius insinuates to him that he is not doing is Job as a captain. He goes on to say, Then why dont you tell your white buddies to block for Rev better because they have not blocked for him worth a plug nickel, and you know it! (Remember the Titans 27) Although Julius is stubborn and only looking out for himself, he cant help but see that the team isnt playing fairly. His belief in fairness overcomes his selfishness and he wants the team to come together and win. Julius view of others Is portrayed when he first gets to camp and hangs up a poster of a black man signing black power. En Gerry asks for Julius to take It down Julius tells him, You can close your eyes for 2 weeks, all I care. Why Dutton look at your wall and Ill look at mine? (Remember the Titans 16) This example proves that since Julius view of Gerry was already bad from the beginning and It proved his belief that he thought Gerry was a selfish racist. What Julius thought could not be changed in his mind until one day i n camp. When Julius and Gerry became close, Gerry got on his white players to block better for Rev. Slowly but surely Julius became rends with Gerry and from then on nothing could change his opinion because Gerry proved he was a different person then what Julius originally thought. Fairness and his view of other affected other players because when Julius believed in something he committed to it one hundred percent. Whether it was negative or positive. Julius views influences the movie and his teammates as well. Julius passion is shown at many points throughout the movie. They are most noticeable when some of the players plan a team meeting and also after Geysers car accident. During the end of he season some the players called a meeting and when the team showed up, half of them were going to leave because it wasnt called by the coaches. When they try to leave Julius steps In and says, Wall goanna walk out on your teammate? He says Hess got something to say. (Remember the Titans 52) upset but determined Julius sees Tanat ten team Is In a Trail state Ana en reels Just as passionate as ten ones won called the meeting. He thinks that everyone is too busy battling whats off the field then focusing on their real opponents. Julius passion is mainly shown right after Gerry tests into a car accident, which paralyzes him from the waist down. Time stood still as Julius walked into the hospital room to see his smiling best friend, broken and battered. Julius holds himself responsible for Geysers accident and Gerry denies every comment, while also telling Julius He was only afraid of hating his brother. (Favorite Quote). Julius is very passionate about Gerry because he has learned and grown to become a different person through their trials, tribulations, and triumphs. Julius brings strength and passion to his teammates and also to the town of Alexandria. He teaches life lessons to those around him through the obstacles he faces throughout season not only on but off the field. Julius passion fuels his character to strive to better himself, to make a difference, and to promote equality. Julius loyalty for his teammates was a factor which largely contributed to their success in the state championship. Julius is an average teenager who is somewhat mature towards everything he faces. He Jokes with his teammates in a few scenes about their daily life experiences. While in the comfort of the locker room every team, black or white is Hough of as equal. Julius is loyal to everyone on the team including the coaches. Once he overcame the adversity of racism throughout the town and team he was able to let himself and the team come together as one. Another example of Julius loyalty is at Geysers funeral. Julius is standing right beside his best friends mother. Although during the movie Geysers mother is not fond of Julius she eventually comes around and accepts him as Gerry friend. Julius was loyal to Gerry throughout the entire movie and when it counted the most he was there at his grave, holding his others hand. (writers. Mom 1) He never strayed away from things or people when they got tough. Julius loyalty affected everyone he met and made an impact on their lives. Julius loyalty becomes a symbol for the team, the town, and the spectator. His teammates become his brothers and they all face the same agony and Judgments for the disordered world round them. If blacks and whites can fight a war together they can certainly play football t ogether. And when they play together, they win together and when they win, we all win. Julius Campbell carries on his principles, series, and loyalty for his teammates throughout the movie. These characteristics are what make him an effective leader in the film. Believing in something and not letting anything disturb that belief takes a strong willed person who will follow through in that belief. Having passion for something pushes yourself to never give up and persevere through any obstacle. And finally having loyalty for anything or anyone is a characteristic that everyone strives to achieve. If everyone in the world took the initiative to have some of the traits Julius portrayed, the world would be filled with period, polite, and passionate human beings.

The design of an automated external defibrillator Essay - 1

The design of an automated external defibrillator - Essay Example The scale of the burden is felt in the economy with escalating costs of health care as indicated by the billions spent annually by the UK government on cardiovascular diseases (British Heart Foundation 2012). The relatively high incidences of heart attacks in UK are of great concern to health care professionals and other stakeholders, which have seen them, consolidate their efforts in order to reduce the effects. Stakeholders such as medical engineers and manufacturers team up with healthcare professionals in an effort to brain storm on the possible solutions in line with technological advances. This front has seen the successful adoption and incorporation of technology in healthcare facilities in form of medical devices. According to the European Union definition, a medical device is an apparatus or instrument that is designed for preventative, diagnostic, monitoring, or therapeutic purposes and its purpose is not achieved through pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means (Krutmann 2011). Similarly, the mode of action of medical devices is not through chemical action in a patient’s body, although may be assisted in its functions through such means. As such, it is essential that medical devices exceed the threshold under the European Union regulations, which call for detailed records of the products, designing and construction is limited to qualified personnel, and comprehensive risk assessment should be done (Jacobson and Murray 2007). The key function of a medical device can be illustrated from scientific information quoted by the manufacturer in line with functional principle and the manufacturer’s labelling. Biomedical engineering is the major field charged with the task of designing, development and production of medical devices that are geared towards increasing efficiency in the delivery of healthcare services. Medical devices vary in their capacity and level of sophistication ranging from tongue depressors to

Cuture deferences and debates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Cuture deferences and debates - Essay Example Focusing on the negative effects of social media to society, there is the issue of formation of groups in websites such as facebook where people motivate each other to carry out certain activities that affect the society negatively. This is from the fact that these negative ideas are spread from one person to another through the sites and affect the society in a poor manner. Social networking also affects the society through the fact that these sites provide a place where people can meet and talk without necessarily visiting the other person. This has generated a character of laziness in this generation and thus young people do not even go out to look for employment opportunities to improve their living standards that would generally affect the society positively (Wit 43). This is from the fact that with a stable means of income, the rates of theft and armed robbery in the society goes down. Another major impact that social networking has had on society is through young children. In the contemporary world, it is quite normal to find a very young kid demonstrating his prowess in using the internet. If the parents do not show these kids appropriate values from a young age, they end up following all the activities that they see on the internet (Carr 142). A great example is a situation where a young person decides to go through tattooing of the entire body. Having tattoos is not a negative concept as long as the age is appropriate. However, having a young kid learn this from the internet may lead to him stealing from his mother or even other society members in an effort to get the money to go get a tattoo. Social networking through dating sites has also led to the end of marriages where spouses are caught cheating on each other through messages and other related means. This has affected the society negatively and without the appropriate action, the situation might escalate in the future. Despite the