Battle of Salamanca - Peninsular War Battle of Salamanca

Battle of Salamanca - Peninsular War Battle of Salamanca Battle of Salamanca - Conflict Date: The Battle of Salamanca was fought July 22, 1812, during the Peninsular War, which was part of the larger Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Armies Commanders: British, Spanish, Portuguese Viscount Wellington51,949 men French Marshal Auguste Marmont49,647 men Battle of Salamanca - Background: Pushing into Spain in 1812, British, Portuguese, and Spanish troops under Viscount Wellington were confronted by French forces led by Marshal Auguste Marmont. Though his army was advancing, Wellington grew increasingly concerned as the size of Marmonts command steadily increased. When the French army matched and then became slightly larger than his, Wellington elected to halt the advance and began falling back towards Salamanca. Under pressure from King Joseph Bonaparte to take the offensive, Marmont began moving against Wellingtons right. Crossing the River Tormes, southeast of Salamanca, on July 21, Wellington was resolved not to fight unless under favorable circumstances. Placing some of his troops on a ridge facing east towards the river, the British commander concealed the bulk of his army in the hills to the rear. Moving across the river the same day, Marmont wished to avoid a major battle, but felt compelled to engage the enemy in some way. Early the next morning, Marmont spotted dust clouds behind the British position in the direction of Salamanca. Battle of Salamanca - The French Plan: Misinterpreting this as a sign that Wellington was retreating, Marmont devised a plan calling for the bulk of his army to move south and west to get behind the British on the ridge with the goal of cutting them off. In actuality, the dust cloud was caused by the departure of the British baggage train which had been sent towards Ciudad Rodrigo. Wellingtons army remained in place with its 3rd and 5th Divisions en route from Salamanca. As the day progressed, Wellington shifted his troops into positions facing south, but still concealed from sight by a ridge. Battle of Salamanca - An Unseen Enemy: Pushing forward, some of Marmonts men engaged the British on the ridge near the Chapel of Nostra Seà ±ora de la Peà ±a, while the bulk began the flanking movement. Moving onto a L-shaped ridge, with its angle at a height known as the Greater Arapile, Marmont positioned the divisions of Generals Maximilien Foy and Claude Ferey on the short arm of the ridge, opposite the known British position, and ordered the divisions of Generals Jean Thomià ¨res, Antoine Maucune, Antoine Brenier, and Bertrand Clausel to move along the long arm to get in the enemys rear. Three additional divisions were placed near the Greater Arapile. Marching along the ridge, the French troops were moving parallel to Wellingtons hidden men. Around 2:00 PM, Wellington observed the French movement and saw that they were becoming strung out and had their flanks exposed. Rushing to the right of his line, Wellington met General Edward Pakenhams arriving 3rd Division. Instructing him and Brigadier General Benjamin dUrbans Portuguese cavalry to strike at the head of the French column, Wellington rushed to his center and issued orders for his 4th and 5th Divisions to attack over the ridge with support from the 6th and 7th as well as two Portuguese brigades. Battle of Salamanca - Wellington Strikes: Intercepting Thomià ¨res division, the British attacked and drove back the French, killing the French commander. Down the line, Mancune, seeing British cavalry on the field, formed his division into squares to repel the horsemen. Instead, his men were assaulted by Major General James Leiths 5th Division which shattered the French lines. As Mancunes men fell back, they were attacked by Major General John Le Marchants cavalry brigade. Cutting down the French, they moved on to attack Breniers division. While their initial assault was successful, Le Marchant was killed as they pressed their attack. The French situation continued to worsen as Marmont was wounded during these early attacks and was taken from the field. This was compounded by the loss of Marmonts second-in-command, General Jean Bonnet, a short time later. While the French command was reorganized, Major General Lowry Coles 4th Division along with Portuguese troops attacked the French around the Greater Arapile. Only by massing their artillery were the French able to repel these assaults. Taking command, Clausel attempted to retrieve the situation by ordering one division to reinforce the left, while his division and Bonnets division, along with cavalry support, attacked Coles exposed left flank. Slamming into the British, they drove Coles men back and reached Wellingtons 6th Division. Seeing the danger, Marshal William Beresford shifted the 5th Division and some Portuguese troops to aid in dealing with this threat. Arriving on the scene, they were joined by the 1st and 7th Divisions which Wellington had moved to the 6ths aid. Combined, this force repelled the French assault, forcing the enemy to begin a general retreat. Fereys division attempted to cover the withdrawal but was driven off by the 6th Division. As the French retreated east towards Alba de Tormes, Wellington believed the enemy was trapped as the crossing was supposed to be guarded by Spanish troops. Unknown to the British leader, this garrison had been withdrawn and the French were able to escape. Battle of Salamanca - Aftermath: Wellingtons losses at Salamanca numbered around 4,800 killed and wounded, while the French suffered around 7,000 killed and wounded, as well as 7,000 captured. Having destroyed his principal opposition in Spain, Wellington advanced and captured Madrid on August 6. Though forced to abandon the Spanish capital later in the year as new French forces moved against him, the victory convinced the British government to continue the war in Spain. Additionally, Salamanca dispelled Wellingtons reputation that he only fought defensive battles from positions of strength and showed that he was a gifted offensive commander. Selected Sources British Battles: Battle of SalamancaPeninsular War: Battle of SalamancaNapoleon Guide: Salamanca

How will climate change affect the trucking industry

How will climate change affect the trucking industry If you go into nursing or teaching, your career probably won’t be affected much by changes to the environment around you. After all, your job is contained within four walls, usually in a stable, temperature-controlled environment. Wild changes in climate or weather are unlikely to do much to your career in the long term. But what if you have a more outdoor-facing job, where environmental changes can impact what you’re doing, where you do it, and how you do it? That’s one of the reasons that climate change has the potential to make a big impact on the trucking industry in the years to come. It might seem like truck drivers won’t be majorly impacted by environmental changes- after all, freight will still need to get from point A to point B, regardless. But changes in climate, temperature, and even the trucks themselves are all likely to affect how drivers do their jobs. Although there is still a good deal of disagreement about the causes of climate change an d its probable impacts, let’s look at some ways climate change could potentially affect the trucking industry.Some types of trucking will become much more difficult.If you’ve ever seen an episode of the show Ice Road Truckers, you know that it involves transporting cargo in the far north’s most frozen, treacherous areas. According to Scientific American, the roads and routes used for this style of trucking are in serious danger if warming trends continue. It will be unsafe to create the roads that these truckers currently use, limiting the places these roads can go. And the season for driving in these arctic regions will be even shorter, affecting schedules and key routes, as well as truckers’ ability to get in and out.Fuel prices may rise.According to AllTrucking.com, this is one of the more immediate consequences of climate change and warming. For real-world examples of how this works, see how fuel prices have risen after major catastrophic weather even ts like Hurricanes Harvey and Irma. Many climate scientists expect that intense storms like these will continue to be more common and frequent as climate change progresses. This growing unpredictability means that truckers and logistics professionals should expect to see significant fluctuations in fuel prices. This has a direct impact on business for trucking companies and drivers themselves and will likely lead to more innovations when it comes to making trucks and transportation less expensive and more efficient.Trucks will need to become more fuel-efficient.To counter rising fuel prices and shortages, much of the trucking industry’s current focus is on creating more fuel-efficient vehicles for transporting freight. Emissions from vehicles, including trucks, are seen as one of the leading contributors to climate change issues. In order to make trucks have less impact on the environment and ensure that they’re using fewer resources to get the job done, that means ref ining engines, tires, and other truck components to maximize trucks’ efficiency. And it’s not just trucks themselves- drivers may need to adapt for fuel efficiency as well, adjusting speed and idling time to increase fuel economy and decrease carbon emissions.Trucks of the future will need sustainable technology.â€Å"Sustainability† is the buzzword that applies here. Trucking is a very fossil-fuel-heavy industry, relying on gas and diesel to power the logistics. And while it may seem silly to think of a big rig driving by with solar panels on top, this is a very real possibility in the future. â€Å"Green† transportation technology is growing more popular (think Tesla), and companies are trying to find ways to make existing vehicles like trucks run on hybrid power sources (like gas and electricity) or entirely on green energy sources like electric, clean domestic fuels, and maybe even solar power someday. The U.S. government’s Office of Energy Eff iciency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is focused on developing next-generation technologies that will make the trucking industry more sustainable.Supply chain logistics may change.It’s likely that trucking changes will happen as part of broader changes in the logistics industry. Warehouses, shipping hubs, and garages may see increased initiatives around recycling, environmental sustainability, emergency preparedness, and other policies that focus on reducing the carbon footprint of the industry. And depending on whether some regions become more prone to extreme weather, it could affect planned routes and lead to different travel patterns for truck drivers. And it’s not just trucking-specific concerns- disruptions in electrical power and communications in general can have sweeping effects on the transportation industry in general. As the transportation industry tries to compensate for these potential issues, the trucking industry will follow suit.Emergency preparedness wi ll be even more important.Truckers need to be prepared for anything that happens on the road- mechanical issues, traffic issues, blocked routes, the works. When something does go wrong, it’s often just the trucker and his or her rig stuck troubleshooting until they can get safely to the next place. And with a potential increase in extreme weather events, that means having solid emergency plans in place. Trucking companies and individual drivers will be tasked with ensuring that everyone is fully trained on how to respond to any event safely and efficiently.An example of this kind of step up in emergency planning is how the TSA has responded to security and terror threats, developing sophisticated screening and preparedness plans in case of emergency. Because so much of trucking depends on the weather and ability of the drivers to get from Point A to Point B, we could see the industry develop similar large-scale plans to compensate for weather disasters.Truckers may need more and different training.In order to become a truck driver, you already need a basic Commercial Driver’s License (CDL). On top of that, drivers have the option to get â€Å"endorsements,† or additional certifications for different kinds of driving. Right now, these endorsements include things like double trailers, passenger vehicles, tank vehicles, and hazardous materials. Some experts believe that in the future, with increased regulation and a global focus on environmental sustainability, there may be climate change-inspired endorsements related to environmental standards and contingency planning. Because each state has its own CDL program, they can tailor these standards to the environmental issues most likely to impact their state. For example, warming in Alaska would lead to different environmental concerns than, say, increased hurricanes in Florida or along the Gulf Coast, so any changes in state-specific CDL certifications would be connected to geography and likely possibilities.U.S. road infrastructure will change.Extreme weather like major storms and flooding can cause major damage to the infrastructure roads and highways that truckers rely on to keep freight moving around the country. Deteriorating roads can increase traffic, which means increasing fuel use and carbon emissions, not to mention throwing off scheduled and logistics. One of the more intriguing options for fighting this infrastructure erosion is self-fixing roads. It sounds super-futuristic, doesn’t it? But some materials scientists are already researching ways that common materials like steel wool can help roads â€Å"heal† themselves when they suffer damage from flooding or general deterioration. Better roads mean better day-to-day results for truck drivers, making it easier to transport cargo and reduce wear-and-tear on the trucks themselves. Improvements to infrastructure that compensate for future damage will help the trucking industry maintain efficiency (o r even improve on current levels of efficiency).Truckers will become data analysts.Truck driving will still never be that 9-to-5 job in a cubicle, but drivers may find themselves becoming better acquainted with environmental data- like emissions statistics and the impact of their truck and routes on the immediate environment in order to make sure they’re meeting set environmental standards while delivering their freight in the most cost- and time-effective ways.Innovation and flexibility will be key.The ability to adapt and change no matter what the environment throws at us is going to be crucial in every industry moving forward, but even more so in industries where the elements outside have a direct impact on the bottom line. Trucking is an industry that has the potential to align its environmental concerns with its business concerns and prepare for an uncertain environmental future. Even if some of the more dire climate change predictions never come to pass, this shift towa rd environmental responsibility and adaptability are still likely to affect the trucking industry in the years and decades to come.